Chile

Chile

Introduction

Background

Prior to the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, the Inca ruled northern Chile while the indigenous Mapuche inhabited central and southern Chile. Although Chile declared its independence in 1810, decisive victory over the Spanish was not achieved until 1818. In the War of the Pacific (1879-83), Chile defeated Peru and Bolivia and won its present northern regions. It was not until the 1880s that the Mapuche Indians were completely subjugated. After a series of elected governments, the three-year-old Marxist government of Salvador ALLENDE was overthrown in 1973 by a military coup led by Augusto PINOCHET, who ruled until a freely elected president was installed in 1990. Sound economic policies, maintained consistently since the 1980s, have contributed to steady growth, reduced poverty rates by over half, and have helped secure the country’s commitment to democratic and representative government. Chile has increasingly assumed regional and international leadership roles befitting its status as a stable, democratic nation.

Geography

Location

Southern South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Argentina and Peru

Geographic coordinates

30 00 S, 71 00 W

Map references

South America

Area

total: 756,102 sq km
country comparison to the world: 38 land:743,812 sq km
water:12,290 sq km
note:includes Easter Island (Isla de Pascua) and Isla Sala y Gomez

Area – comparative

slightly smaller than twice the size of Montana

Land boundaries

total: 6,339 km
border countries:Argentina 5,308 km, Bolivia 860 km, Peru 171 km

Coastline

6,435 km

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone:24 nm
exclusive economic zone:200 nm
continental shelf:200/350 nm

Climate

temperate

desert in north

Mediterranean in central region

cool and damp in south

Terrain

low coastal mountains

fertile central valley

rugged Andes in east

Elevation extremes

lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point:Nevado Ojos del Salado 6,880 m

Natural resources

copper, timber, iron ore, nitrates, precious metals, molybdenum, hydropower

Land use

arable land: 2.62%
permanent crops:0.43%
other:96.95% (2005)

Irrigated land

19,000 sq km (2008)

Total renewable water resources

922 cu km (2000)

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

total: 12.55cu km/yr (11%/25%/64%)
per capita:770cu m/yr (2000)

Natural hazards

severe earthquakes

active volcanism

tsunamis
volcanism:Chile experiences significant volcanic activity due to the more than three-dozen active volcanoes situated within the Andes Mountains

Lascar (elev. 5,592 m), which last erupted in 2007, is the most active volcano in the northern Chilean Andes

Llaima (elev. 3,125 m) in central Chile, which last erupted in 2009, is another of the country’s most active

Chaiten’s 2008 eruption forced major evacuations

other notable historically active volcanoes include Cerro Hudson, Copahue, Guallatiri, Llullaillaco, Nevados de Chillan, Puyehue, San Pedro, and Villarrica

Environment – current issues

widespread deforestation and mining threaten natural resources

air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions

water pollution from raw sewage

Environment – international agreements

party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified:none of the selected agreements

Geography – note

strategic location relative to sea lanes between Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage)

Atacama Desert is one of world’s driest regions

the crater lake of Ojos del Salado is the worlds highest lake (at 6,390m)

People and Society

Nationality

noun: Chilean(s)
adjective:Chilean

Ethnic groups

white and white-Amerindian 95.4%, Mapuche 4%, other indigenous groups 0.6% (2002 census)

Languages

Spanish (official), Mapudungun, German, English

Religions

Roman Catholic 70%, Evangelical 15.1%, Jehovah’s Witnesses 1.1%, other Christian 1%, other 4.6%, none 8.3% (2002 census)

Population

16,888,760 (July 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 59

Age structure

0-14 years: 22.3% (male 1,928,210/female 1,840,839)
15-64 years:68.1% (male 5,751,091/female 5,744,014)
65 years and over:9.6% (male 680,450/female 944,156) (2011 est.)

Median age

total: 32.1 years
male:31.1 years
female:33.1 years (2011 est.)

Population growth rate

0.836% (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 130

Birth rate

14.33 births/1,000 population (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 143

Death rate

5.97 deaths/1,000 population (July 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 162

Net migration rate

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 79

Urbanization

urban population: 89% of total population (2010)
rate of urbanization:1.1% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Major cities – population

SANTIAGO (capital) 5.883 million

Valparaiso 865,000 (2009)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years:1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years:1 male(s)/female
65 years and over:0.72 male(s)/female
total population:0.98 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

Maternal mortality rate

26 deaths/100,000 live births (2008)
country comparison to the world: 118

Infant mortality rate

total: 7.34 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 163 male:8.1 deaths/1,000 live births
female:6.55 deaths/1,000 live births (2011 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 77.7 years
country comparison to the world: 56 male:74.44 years
female:81.13 years (2011 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.88 children born/woman (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 144

Health expenditures

8.2% of GDP (2009)
country comparison to the world: 52

Physicians density

1.09 physicians/1,000 population (2003)
country comparison to the world: 100

Hospital bed density

2.1 beds/1,000 population (2009)
country comparison to the world: 97

Drinking water source

improved:
urban: 99% of population
rural: 75% of population
total: 96% of population
unimproved:
urban: 1% of population
rural: 25% of population
total: 4% of population (2008)

Sanitation facility access

improved:
urban: 98% of population
rural: 83% of population
total: 96% of population
unimproved:
urban: 2% of population
rural: 17% of population
total: 4% of population (2008)

HIV/AIDS – adult prevalence rate

0.4% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 70

HIV/AIDS – people living with HIV/AIDS

40,000 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 61

HIV/AIDS – deaths

NA

Obesity – adult prevalence rate

21.9% (2003)
country comparison to the world: 19

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

0.5% (2008)
country comparison to the world: 120

Education expenditures

4% of GDP (2008)
country comparison to the world: 103

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population:95.7%
male:95.8%
female:95.6% (2002 census)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 15 years
male:15 years
female:15 years (2008)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

total: 22.6%
country comparison to the world: 39 male:21.5%
female:24.4% (2009)

Government

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of Chile
conventional short form:Chile
local long form:Republica de Chile
local short form:Chile

Government type

republic

Capital

name: Santiago
geographic coordinates:33 27 S, 70 40 W
time difference:UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
daylight saving time:+1hr, begins third Sunday in August

ends second Sunday in May

note – the end of DST was delayed until 8 May 2011 due to the ongoing energy crisis
note:Valparaiso is the seat of the national legislature

Administrative divisions

15 regions (regiones, singular – region)

Aisen del General Carlos Ibanez del Campo, Antofagasta, Araucania, Arica y Parinacota, Atacama, Biobio, Coquimbo, Libertador General Bernardo O’Higgins, Los Lagos, Los Rios, Magallanes y de la Antartica Chilena, Maule, Region Metropolitana (Santiago), Tarapaca, Valparaiso
note:the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica

Independence

18 September 1810 (from Spain)

National holiday

Independence Day, 18 September (1810)

Constitution

11 September 1980, effective 11 March 1981

amended several times

Legal system

civil law system influenced by several West European civil legal systems

judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration

accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Suffrage

18 years of age

universal and compulsory

Executive branch

chief of state: President Sebastian PINERA Echenique (since 11 March 2010)

note – the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government:President Sebastian PINERA Echenique (since 11 March 2010)
cabinet:Cabinet appointed by the president
(For more information visit the World Leaders website ) elections:president elected by popular vote for a single four-year term

election last held on 13 December 2009 with runoff election held on 17 January 2010 (next to be held in December 2013)
election results:Sebastian PINERA Echenique elected president

percent of vote – Sebastian PINERA Echenique 51.6%

Eduardo FREI 48.4%

Legislative branch

bicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional consists of the Senate or Senado (38 seats

members elected by popular vote to serve eight-year terms

one-half elected every four years) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camara de Diputados (120 seats

members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections:Senate – last held on 13 December 2009 (next to be held in December 2013)

Chamber of Deputies – last held on 13 December 2009 (next to be held in December 2013)
election results:Senate – percent of vote by party – NA

seats by party – CPD 9 (PDC 4, PPD 3, PS 2), APC 9 (RN 6, UDI 3)

Chamber of Deputies – percent of vote by party – NA

seats by party – APC 58 (UDI 37, RN 18, other 3), CPD 57 (PDC 19, PPD 18, PS 11, PRSD 5, PC 3, other 1), PRI 3, independent 2

Judicial branch

Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (judges are appointed by the president and ratified by the Senate from lists of candidates provided by the court itself

the president of the Supreme Court is elected every three years by the 20-member court)

Constitutional Tribunal (eight-members – two each from the Senate, Chamber of Deputies, Supreme Court, and National Security Council – review the constitutionality of laws approved by Congress)

Political parties and leaders

Broad Social Movement or MAS

Clean Chile Vote Happy or CLVF (including Broad Social Movement, Country Force, and Regionalist Party of Independents or PRI)

Coalition for Change or CC (formerly known as the Alliance for Chile (Alianza) or APC) (including National Renewal or RN [Carlos LARRAIN Pena], Independent Democratic Union or UDI [Juan Antonio COLOMA Correa], and Chile First [Vlado MIROSEVIC])

Coalition of Parties for Democracy (Concertacion) or CPD (including Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Ignacio WALKER], Party for Democracy or PPD [Carolina TOHA Morales], Radical Social Democratic Party or PRSD [Jose Antonio GOMEZ Urrutia], and Socialist Party or PS [Osvaldo ANDRADE])

Partido Ecologista del Sur

Together We Can Do More (including Communist Party or PC [Guillermo TEILLIER del Valle], and Humanist Party or PH [Danilo MONTEVERDE])

Political pressure groups and leaders

Roman Catholic Church, particularly conservative groups such as Opus Dei

United Labor Central or CUT includes trade unionists from the country’s five largest labor confederations
other:revitalized university student federations at all major universities

International organization participation

APEC, BIS, CAN (associate), CD, FAO, G-15, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINUSTAH, NAM, OAS, OECD, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, SICA (observer), UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Arturo FERMANDOIS Vohringer
chancery:1732 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone:[1] (202) 785-1746
FAX:[1] (202) 887-5579
consulate(s) general:Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, San Juan (Puerto Rico)

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Alejandro D. WOLFF
embassy:Avenida Andres Bello 2800, Las Condes, Santiago
mailing address:APO AA 34033
telephone:[56] (2) 330-3000
FAX:[56] (2) 330-3710, 330-3160

Flag description

two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red

a blue square the same height as the white band at the hoist-side end of the white band

the square bears a white five-pointed star in the center representing a guide to progress and honor

blue symbolizes the sky, white is for the snow-covered Andes, and red represents the blood spilled to achieve independence
note:design was influenced by the US flag

National symbol(s)

huemul (mountain deer)

Andean condor

National anthem

name: “Himno Nacional de Chile” (National Anthem of Chile)
lyrics/music:Eusebio LILLO Robles and Bernardo DE VERA y Pintado/Ramon CARNICER y Battle
note:music adopted 1828, original lyrics adopted 1818, adapted lyrics adopted 1847

under Augusto PINOCHET”s military rule, a verse glorifying the army was added

however, as a protest, some citizens refused to sing this verse

it was removed when democracy was restored in 1990

Economy

Economy – overview

Chile has a market-oriented economy characterized by a high level of foreign trade and a reputation for strong financial institutions and sound policy that have given it the strongest sovereign bond rating in South America. Exports account for more than one-fourth of GDP, with commodities making up some three-quarters of total exports. Copper alone provides one-third of government revenue. During the early 1990s, Chile’s reputation as a role model for economic reform was strengthened when the democratic government of Patricio AYLWIN – which took over from the military in 1990 – deepened the economic reform initiated by the military government. Since 1999, growth has averaged 4% per year. Chile deepened its longstanding commitment to trade liberalization with the signing of a free trade agreement with the US, which took effect on 1 January 2004. Chile claims to have more bilateral or regional trade agreements than any other country. It has 57 such agreements (not all of them full free trade agreements), including with the European Union, Mercosur, China, India, South Korea, and Mexico. Over the past seven years, foreign direct investment inflows have quadrupled to some $15 billion in 2010, but FDI had dropped to about $7 billion in 2009 in the face of diminished investment throughout the world. The Chilean government conducts a rule-based countercyclical fiscal policy, accumulating surpluses in sovereign wealth funds during periods of high copper prices and economic growth, and allowing deficit spending only during periods of low copper prices and growth. As of September 2008, those sovereign wealth funds – kept mostly outside the country and separate from Central Bank reserves – amounted to more than $20 billion. Chile used $4 billion from this fund to finance a fiscal stimulus package to fend off recession. In December 2009, the OECD invited Chile to become a full member, after a two year period of compliance with organization mandates, and in May 2010 Chile signed the OECD Convention, becoming the first South American country to join the OECD. The economy started to show signs of a rebound in the fourth quarter of 2009, and GDP grew more than 5% in 2010. Chile achieved this growth despite the magnitude 8.8 earthquake that struck Chile in February 2010, which was one of the top ten strongest earthquakes on record. The earthquake and subsequent tsunamis it generated caused considerable damage near the epicenter, located about 70 miles from Concepcion – and about 200 miles southwest of Santiago. The Chilean Ministry of Finance estimates the total immediate losses were close to 17% of GDP.

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$257.9 billion (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 46 $245 billion (2009 est.)
$249.2 billion (2008 est.)
note:data are in 2010 US dollars

GDP (official exchange rate)

$203.3 billion (2010 est.)

GDP – real growth rate

5.3% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 64 -1.7% (2009 est.)
3.7% (2008 est.)

GDP – per capita (PPP)

$15,400 (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 73 $14,800 (2009 est.)
$15,100 (2008 est.)
note:data are in 2010 US dollars

GDP – composition by sector

agriculture: 5.1%
industry:41.8%
services:53.1% (2010 est.)

Labor force

7.918 million (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 58

Labor force – by occupation

agriculture: 13.2%
industry:23%
services:63.9% (2005)

Unemployment rate

7.1% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 74 9.6% (2009 est.)

Population below poverty line

11.5% (2009)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 1.5%
highest 10%:42.5% (2009)

Distribution of family income – Gini index

52.1 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 17 57.1 (2000)

Investment (gross fixed)

20.9% of GDP (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 102

Budget

revenues: $45.65 billion
expenditures:$46.26 billion (2010 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

22.5% of GDP (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 135

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-0.3% of GDP (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 48

Public debt

9.2% of GDP (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 122 6.2% of GDP (2009 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

1.4% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 41 1.5% (2009 est.)

Central bank discount rate

3.12% (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 137 0.5% (31 December 2009 est.)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

4.753% (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 138 7.25% (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$34.39 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 53 $26.22 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of broad money

$190.5 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 39 $160.3 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$160.7 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 41 $144.7 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$341.6 billion (31 December 2010)
country comparison to the world: 29 $209.5 billion (31 December 2009)
$132.4 billion (31 December 2008)

Agriculture – products

grapes, apples, pears, onions, wheat, corn, oats, peaches, garlic, asparagus, beans

beef, poultry, wool

fish

timber

Industries

copper, lithium, other minerals, foodstuffs, fish processing, iron and steel, wood and wood products, transport equipment, cement, textiles

Industrial production growth rate

-0.4% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 150

Electricity – production

60.28 billion kWh (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 43

Electricity – consumption

56.35 billion kWh (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 42

Electricity – exports

0 kWh (2009 est.)

Electricity – imports

818 million kWh (2009 est.)

Oil – production

10,640 bbl/day (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 85

Oil – consumption

302,700 bbl/day (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 42

Oil – exports

52,390 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 78

Oil – imports

305,100 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 34

Oil – proved reserves

150 million bbl (1 January 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 64

Natural gas – production

1.35 billion cu m (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 61

Natural gas – consumption

2.84 billion cu m (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 75

Natural gas – exports

0 cu m (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 76

Natural gas – imports

1.49 billion cu m (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 53

Natural gas – proved reserves

97.97 billion cu m (1 January 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 54

Current account balance

$3.802 billion (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 39 $2.57 billion (2009 est.)

Exports

$71.03 billion (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 42 $54 billion (2009 est.)

Exports – commodities

copper, fruit, fish products, paper and pulp, chemicals, wine

Exports – partners

China 23.8%, Japan 10.2%, US 10%, Brazil 6%, South Korea 5.9% (2010)

Imports

$55.17 billion (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 48 $39.89 billion (2009 est.)

Imports – commodities

petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, electrical and telecommunications equipment, industrial machinery, vehicles, natural gas

Imports – partners

US 17%, China 13.6%, Argentina 8.5%, Brazil 7.9%, South Korea 5.8%, Japan 5%, Germany 4% (2010)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$27.83 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 51 $25.29 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Debt – external

$96.57 billion (30 June 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 44 $84.03 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment – at home

$137.4 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 27 $121.6 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment – abroad

$49.69 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 33 $41.2 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Exchange rates

Chilean pesos (CLP) per US dollar -
525.34 (2010)
560.86 (2009)
509.02 (2008)
526.25 (2007)
530.29 (2006)

Transportation

Airports

366 (2010)
country comparison to the world:22

Airports – with paved runways

total: 84
over 3,047 m:5
2,438 to 3,047 m:8
1,524 to 2,437 m:23
914 to 1,523 m:24
under 914 m:24 (2010)

Airports – with unpaved runways

total: 282
2,438 to 3,047 m:3
1,524 to 2,437 m:12
914 to 1,523 m:50
under 914 m:217 (2010)

Pipelines

gas 3,064 km

liquid petroleum gas 517 km

oil 895 km

refined products 768 km (2010)

Railways

total: 7,082 km
country comparison to the world: 28 broad gauge:3,435 km 1.676-m gauge (850 km electrified)
narrow gauge:3,647 km 1.000-m gauge (2010)

Roadways

total: 80,505 km
country comparison to the world: 59 paved:16,745 km (includes 2,414 km of expressways)
unpaved:63,760 km (2004)

Merchant marine

total: 48
country comparison to the world: 71 by type:bulk carrier 11, cargo 10, chemical tanker 8, container 1, liquefied gas 2, passenger 4, passenger/cargo 3, petroleum tanker 8, roll on/roll off 1
foreign-owned:1 (Norway 1)
registered in other countries:48 (Argentina 6, Belize 1, Brazil 1, Cyprus 1, Isle of Man 8, Liberia 7, Panama 17, Singapore 7) (2010)

Ports and terminals

Coronel, Huasco, Lirquen, Puerto Ventanas, San Antonio, San Vicente, Valparaiso

Military

Military branches

Army of the Nation, Chilean Navy (Armada de Chile, includes Naval Aviation, Marine Corps, and Maritime Territory and Merchant Marine Directorate (Directemar)), Chilean Air Force (Fuerza Aerea de Chile, FACh), Carabineros Corps (Cuerpo de Carabineros) (2011)

Military service age and obligation

18-45 years of age for voluntary male and female military service, although the right to compulsory recruitment is retained

service obligation – 12 months for Army, 22 months for Navy and Air Force (2008)

Manpower available for military service

males age 16-49: 4,324,732
females age 16-49:4,251,954 (2010 est.)

Manpower fit for military service

males age 16-49: 3,621,475
females age 16-49:3,561,099 (2010 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

male: 141,500
female:135,709 (2010 est.)

Military expenditures

2.7% of GDP (2006)
country comparison to the world: 53

Transnational Issues

Disputes – international

Chile and Peru rebuff Bolivia’s reactivated claim to restore the Atacama corridor, ceded to Chile in 1884, but Chile has offered instead unrestricted but not sovereign maritime access through Chile to Bolivian natural gas

Chile rejects Peru’s unilateral legislation to change its latitudinal maritime boundary with Chile to an equidistance line with a southwestern axis favoring Peru, in October 2007, Peru took its maritime complaint with Chile to the ICJ

territorial claim in Antarctica (Chilean Antarctic Territory) partially overlaps Argentine and British claims

the joint boundary commission, established by Chile and Argentina in 2001, has yet to map and demarcate the delimited boundary in the inhospitable Andean Southern Ice Field (Campo de Hielo Sur)

Illicit drugs

transshipment country for cocaine destined for Europe and the region

some money laundering activity, especially through the Iquique Free Trade Zone

imported precursors passed on to Bolivia

domestic cocaine consumption is rising, making Chile a significant consumer of cocaine (2008)