Indonesia

Indonesia

Introduction

Background

The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th century

Japan occupied the islands from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence after Japan’s surrender, but it required four years of intermittent negotiations, recurring hostilities, and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to transfer sovereignty in 1949. Free and fair legislative elections took place in 1999 after decades of repressive rule. Indonesia is now the world’s third most populous democracy, the world’s largest archipelagic state, and home to the world’s largest Muslim population. Current issues include: alleviating poverty, improving education, preventing terrorism, consolidating democracy after four decades of authoritarianism, implementing economic and financial reforms, stemming corruption, holding the military and police accountable for human rights violations, addressing climate change, and controlling infectious diseases, particularly those of global and regional importance. In 2005, Indonesia reached a historic peace agreement with armed separatists in Aceh, which led to democratic elections in Aceh in December 2006. Indonesia continues to face low intensity armed resistance by the separatist Free Papua Movement.

Geography

Location

Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean

Geographic coordinates

5 00 S, 120 00 E

Map references

Southeast Asia

Area

total: 1,904,569 sq km
country comparison to the world: 15 land:1,811,569 sq km
water:93,000 sq km

Area – comparative

slightly less than three times the size of Texas

Land boundaries

total: 2,830 km
border countries:Timor-Leste 228 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km

Coastline

54,716 km

Maritime claims

measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines
territorial sea:12 nm
exclusive economic zone:200 nm

Climate

tropical

hot, humid

more moderate in highlands

Terrain

mostly coastal lowlands

larger islands have interior mountains

Elevation extremes

lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point:Puncak Jaya 5,030 m

Natural resources

petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver

Land use

arable land: 11.03%
permanent crops:7.04%
other:81.93% (2005)

Irrigated land

67,220 sq km (2008)

Total renewable water resources

2,838 cu km (1999)

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

total: 82.78cu km/yr (8%/1%/91%)
per capita:372cu m/yr (2000)

Natural hazards

occasional floods

severe droughts

tsunamis

earthquakes

volcanoes

forest fires
volcanism:Indonesia contains the most volcanoes of any country in the world – some 76 are historically active

significant volcanic activity occurs on Java, western Sumatra, the Sunda Islands, Halmahera Island, Sulawesi Island, Sangihe Island, and in the Banda Sea

Merapi (elev. 2,968 m), Indonesia’s most active volcano and in eruption since 2010, has been deemed a “Decade Volcano” by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth’s Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations

other notable historically active volcanoes include Agung, Awu, Karangetang, Krakatau (Krakatoa), Makian, Raung, and Tambora

Environment – current issues

deforestation

water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage

air pollution in urban areas

smoke and haze from forest fires

Environment – international agreements

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified:Marine Life Conservation

Geography – note

archipelago of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited)

straddles equator

strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean

People and Society

Nationality

noun: Indonesian(s)
adjective:Indonesian

Ethnic groups

Javanese 40.6%, Sundanese 15%, Madurese 3.3%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Betawi 2.4%, Bugis 2.4%, Banten 2%, Banjar 1.7%, other or unspecified 29.9% (2000 census)

Languages

Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects (of which the most widely spoken is Javanese)

Religions

Muslim 86.1%, Protestant 5.7%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 1.8%, other or unspecified 3.4% (2000 census)

Population

245,613,043 (July 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 4

Age structure

0-14 years: 27.3% (male 34,165,213/female 32,978,841)
15-64 years:66.5% (male 82,104,636/female 81,263,055)
65 years and over:6.1% (male 6,654,695/female 8,446,603) (2011 est.)

Median age

total: 28.2 years
male:27.7 years
female:28.7 years (2011 est.)

Population growth rate

1.069% (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 110

Birth rate

18.1 births/1,000 population (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 104

Death rate

6.26 deaths/1,000 population (July 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 155

Net migration rate

-1.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 153

Urbanization

urban population: 44% of total population (2010)
rate of urbanization:1.7% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Major cities – population

JAKARTA (capital) 9.121 million

Surabaya 2.509 million

Bandung 2.412 million

Medan 2.131 million

Semarang 1.296 million (2009)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years:1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years:1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over:0.79 male(s)/female
total population:1 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

Maternal mortality rate

240 deaths/100,000 live births (2008)
country comparison to the world: 55

Infant mortality rate

total: 27.95 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 72 male:32.63 deaths/1,000 live births
female:23.03 deaths/1,000 live births (2011 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 71.33 years
country comparison to the world: 137 male:68.8 years
female:73.99 years (2011 est.)

Total fertility rate

2.25 children born/woman (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 102

Health expenditures

5.5% of GDP (2009)
country comparison to the world: 127

Physicians density

0.288 physicians/1,000 population (2007)
country comparison to the world: 142

Hospital bed density

0.6 beds/1,000 population (2002)
country comparison to the world: 164

Drinking water source

improved:
urban: 89% of population
rural: 71% of population
total: 80% of population
unimproved:
urban: 11% of population
rural: 29% of population
total: 20% of population (2008)

Sanitation facility access

improved:
urban: 67% of population
rural: 36% of population
total: 52% of population
unimproved:
urban: 33% of population
rural: 64% of population
total: 48% of population (2008)

HIV/AIDS – adult prevalence rate

0.2% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 99

HIV/AIDS – people living with HIV/AIDS

310,000 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 19

HIV/AIDS – deaths

8,300 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 27

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases:bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases:chikungunya, dengue fever, and malaria
note:highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country

it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Obesity – adult prevalence rate

2.4% (2001)
country comparison to the world: 67

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

19.6% (2007)
country comparison to the world: 38

Education expenditures

2.8% of GDP (2008)
country comparison to the world: 139

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population:90.4%
male:94%
female:86.8% (2004 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 13 years
male:13 years
female:13 years (2009)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

total: 22.2%
country comparison to the world: 41 male:21.6%
female:23% (2009)

Government

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia
conventional short form:Indonesia
local long form:Republik Indonesia
local short form:Indonesia
former:Netherlands East Indies, Dutch East Indies

Government type

republic

Capital

name: Jakarta
geographic coordinates:6 10 S, 106 49 E
time difference:UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
note:Indonesia is divided into three time zones

Administrative divisions

30 provinces (provinsi-provinsi, singular – provinsi), 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular – daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota)

Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat (West Java), Jawa Tengah (Central Java), Jawa Timur (East Java), Kalimantan Barat (West Kalimantan), Kalimantan Selatan (South Kalimantan), Kalimantan Tengah (Central Kalimantan), Kalimantan Timur (East Kalimantan), Kepulauan Bangka Belitung (Bangka Belitung Islands), Kepulauan Riau (Riau Islands), Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara (North Maluku), Nusa Tenggara Barat (West Nusa Tenggara), Nusa Tenggara Timur (East Nusa Tenggara), Papua, Papua Barat (West Papua), Riau, Sulawesi Barat (West Sulawesi), Sulawesi Selatan (South Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tengah (Central Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tenggara (Southeast Sulawesi), Sulawesi Utara (North Sulawesi), Sumatera Barat (West Sumatra), Sumatera Selatan (South Sumatra), Sumatera Utara (North Sumatra), Yogyakarta*
note:following the implementation of decentralization beginning on 1 January 2001, regencies and municipalities have become the key administrative units responsible for providing most government services

Independence

17 August 1945 (declared)

27 December 1949 (recognized by the Netherlands)

note – in August 2005 the Netherlands announced that it had recognized de facto Indonesian independence on 17 August 1945

National holiday

Independence Day, 17 August (1945)

Constitution

August 1945

abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959

series of amendments concluded in 2002

Legal system

civil law system based on the Roman-Dutch model and influenced by customary law

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration

non-party state to the ICCt

Suffrage

17 years of age

universal and married persons regardless of age

Executive branch

chief of state: President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004)

Vice President BOEDIONO (since 20 October 2009)

note – the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government:President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004)

Vice President BOEDIONO (since 20 October 2009)
cabinet:Cabinet appointed by the president
(For more information visit the World Leaders website ) elections:president and vice president elected for five-year terms (eligible for a second term) by direct vote of the citizenry

election last held on 8 July 2009 (next to be held in 2014)
election results:Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO elected president

percent of vote – Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO 60.8%, MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri 26.8%, Jusuf KALLA 12.4%

Legislative branch

People’s Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) is the upper house

it consists of members of the DPR and DPD and has role in inaugurating and impeaching the president and in amending the constitution but does not formulate national policy

House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) (560 seats, members elected to serve five-year terms), formulates and passes legislation at the national level

House of Regional Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah or DPD), constitutionally mandated role includes providing legislative input to DPR on issues affecting regions (132 members, four from each of Indonesia’s 30 provinces, two special regions, and one special capital city district)
elections:last held on 9 April 2009 (next to be held in 2014)
election results:percent of vote by party – PD 20.9%, GOLKAR 14.5%, PDI-P 14.0%, PKS 7.9%, PAN 6.0%, PPP 5.3%, PKB 4.9%, GERINDRA 4.5%, HANURA 3.8%, others 18.2%

seats by party – PD 148, GOLKAR 107, PDI-P 94, PKS 57, PAN 46, PPP 37, PKB 28, GERINDRA 26, HANURA 17
note:29 other parties received less than 2.5% of the vote so did not obtain any seats

because of election rules, the number of seats won does not always follow the percentage of votes received by parties

Judicial branch

Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung is the final court of appeal but does not have the power of judicial review (justices are appointed by the president from a list of candidates selected by the legislature)

in March 2004 the Supreme Court assumed administrative and financial responsibility for the lower court system from the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights

Constitutional Court or Mahkamah Konstitusi (invested by the president on 16 August 2003) has the power of judicial review, jurisdiction over the results of a general election, and reviews actions to dismiss a president from office

Labor Court under supervision of Supreme Court began functioning in January 2006

the Anti-Corruption Court has jurisdiction over corruption cases brought by the independent Corruption Eradication Commission

Political parties and leaders

Democrat Party or PD [Anas URANINGRUM]

Functional Groups Party or GOLKAR [Aburizal BAKRIE]

Great Indonesia Movement Party or GERINDRA [SUHARDI]

Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri]

National Awakening Party or PKB [Muhaiman ISKANDAR]

National Mandate Party or PAN [Hatta RAJASA]

People’s Conscience Party or HANURA [WIRANTO]

Prosperous Justice Party or PKS [Luthfi Hasan ISHAQ]

United Development Party or PPP [Suryadharma ALI]

Political pressure groups and leaders

Commission for the “Disappeared” and Victims of Violence or KontraS

Indonesia Corruption Watch or ICW

Indonesian Forum for the Environment or WALHI

Islamic Defenders Front or FPI

People’s Democracy Fortress or Bendera

International organization participation

ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BIS, CICA (observer), CP, D-8, EAS, FAO, G-11, G-15, G-20, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OIC, OPCW, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Dino Patti DJALAL
chancery:2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone:[1] (202) 775-5200
FAX:[1] (202) 775-5365
consulate(s) general:Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Scot A. MARCIEL
embassy:Jalan 1 Medan Merdeka Selatan 4-5, Jakarta 10110
mailing address:Unit 8129, Box 1, FPO AP 96520
telephone:[62] (21) 3435-9000
FAX:[62] (21) 3435-9922
consulate(s) general:Surabaya

Flag description

two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white

the colors derive from the banner of the Majapahit Empire of the 13th-15th centuries

red symbolizes courage, white represents purity
note:similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter

also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red

National symbol(s)

garuda (mythical bird)

National anthem

name: “Indonesia Raya” (Great Indonesia)
lyrics/music:Wage Rudolf SOEPRATMAN
note:adopted 1945

Economy

Economy – overview

Indonesia, a vast polyglot nation, has weathered the global financial crisis relatively smoothly because of its heavy reliance on domestic consumption as the driver of economic growth. Increasing investment by both local and foreign investors is also supporting solid growth. Although the economy slowed to 4.5% growth in 2009 from the 6%-plus growth rate recorded in 2007 and 2008, by 2010 growth returned to a 6% rate. During the recession, Indonesia outperformed most of its regional neighbors. The government made economic advances under the first administration of President YUDHOYONO, introducing significant reforms in the financial sector, including tax and customs reforms, the use of Treasury bills, and capital market development and supervision. Indonesia’s debt-to-GDP ratio in recent years has declined steadily because of increasingly robust GDP growth and sound fiscal stewardship, leading two of the three leading credit agencies to upgrade credit ratings for Indonesia’s sovereign debt to one notch below investment grade. Indonesia still struggles with poverty and unemployment, inadequate infrastructure, corruption, a complex regulatory environment, and unequal resource distribution among regions. YUDHOYONO and his vice president, respected economist BOEDIONO, have maintained broad continuity of economic policy, although the economic reform agenda has been slowed during the first year of their term by corruption scandals and the departure of an internationally respected finance minister. In late 2010, increasing inflation, driven by higher and volatile food prices, posed an increasing challenge to economic policymakers and threatened to push millions of the near-poor below the poverty line. The government in 2011 faces the ongoing challenge of improving Indonesia’s infrastructure to remove impediments to growth, while addressing climate change concerns, particularly with regard to conserving Indonesia’s forests and peatlands, the focus of a potentially trailblazing $1 billion REDD+ pilot project.

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$1.03 trillion (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 16 $970.6 billion (2009 est.)
$928.2 billion (2008 est.)
note:data are in 2010 US dollars

GDP (official exchange rate)

$706.7 billion (2010 est.)

GDP – real growth rate

6.1% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 50 4.6% (2009 est.)
6% (2008 est.)

GDP – per capita (PPP)

$4,200 (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 155 $4,000 (2009 est.)
$3,900 (2008 est.)
note:data are in 2010 US dollars

GDP – composition by sector

agriculture: 15.3%
industry:47%
services:37.6% (2010 est.)

Labor force

116.5 million (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 5

Labor force – by occupation

agriculture: 38.3%
industry:12.8%
services:48.9% (2010 est.)

Unemployment rate

7.1% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 72 7.9% (2009 est.)

Population below poverty line

13.33% (2010)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 3.3%
highest 10%:29.9% (2009)

Distribution of family income – Gini index

36.8 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 81 39.4 (2005)

Investment (gross fixed)

32.1% of GDP (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 24

Budget

revenues: $119.5 billion
expenditures:$132.9 billion (2011 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

16.9% of GDP (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 178

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-1.9% of GDP (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 72

Public debt

25.7% of GDP (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 99 26.4% of GDP (2009 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

5.1% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 151 4.8% (2009 est.)

Central bank discount rate

6.37% (31 December 2010)
country comparison to the world: 62 6.46% (31 December 2009)
note:this figure represents the 3-month SBI rate

BI has not employed the one-month SBI since September 2010

Commercial bank prime lending rate

13.252% (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 65 14.498% (31 December 2009 est.)
note:these figures represent the average annualized rate on working capital loans

Stock of narrow money

$67.34 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 39 $54.87 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of broad money

$274.9 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 33 $227.8 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$254.1 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 36 $212.6 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$360.4 billion (31 December 2010)
country comparison to the world: 32 $178.2 billion (31 December 2009)
$98.76 billion (31 December 2008)

Agriculture – products

rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra

poultry, beef, pork, eggs

Industries

petroleum and natural gas, textiles, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, food, tourism

Industrial production growth rate

4.3% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 98

Electricity – production

141.2 billion kWh (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 24

Electricity – consumption

126.1 billion kWh (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 26

Electricity – exports

0 kWh (2009 est.)

Electricity – imports

0 kWh (2009 est.)

Oil – production

1.03 million bbl/day (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 23

Oil – consumption

1.292 million bbl/day (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 18

Oil – exports

404,100 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 32

Oil – imports

767,400 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 18

Oil – proved reserves

3.99 billion bbl (1 January 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 28

Natural gas – production

82.8 billion cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 12

Natural gas – consumption

40.47 billion cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 22

Natural gas – exports

42.33 billion cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 7

Natural gas – imports

0 cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 135

Natural gas – proved reserves

3.001 trillion cu m (1 January 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 14

Current account balance

$6.294 billion (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 30 $10.63 billion (2009 est.)

Exports

$158.1 billion (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 29 $119.6 billion (2009 est.)

Exports – commodities

oil and gas, electrical appliances, plywood, textiles, rubber

Exports – partners

Japan 16.3%, China 9.9%, US 9.1%, Singapore 8.7%, South Korea 8%, India 6.3%, Malaysia 5.9% (2010)

Imports

$127.4 billion (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 30 $88.72 billion (2009 est.)

Imports – commodities

machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs

Imports – partners

China 15.1%, Singapore 14.9%, Japan 12.5%, US 6.9%, Malaysia 6.4%, South Korea 5.7%, Thailand 5.5% (2010)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$96.21 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 21 $66.12 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Debt – external

$223 billion (30 June 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 32 $196.1 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment – at home

$86.15 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 38 $72.84 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment – abroad

$32.85 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 37 $30.18 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Exchange rates

Indonesian rupiah (IDR) per US dollar -
9,169.5 (2010)
10,389.9 (2009)
9,698.9 (2008)
9,143 (2007)
9,159.3 (2006)

Transportation

Airports

684 (2010)
country comparison to the world:10

Airports – with paved runways

total: 171
over 3,047 m:4
2,438 to 3,047 m:19
1,524 to 2,437 m:50
914 to 1,523 m:64
under 914 m:34 (2010)

Airports – with unpaved runways

total: 513
1,524 to 2,437 m:4
914 to 1,523 m:25
under 914 m:484 (2010)

Heliports

64 (2010)

Pipelines

condensate 812 km

condensate/gas 73 km

gas 7,165 km

oil 5,984 km

oil/gas/water 12 km

refined products 617 km

water 44 km (2010)

Railways

total: 5,042 km
country comparison to the world: 35 narrow gauge:5,042 km 1.067-m gauge (565 km electrified) (2009)

Roadways

total: 437,759 km
country comparison to the world: 14 paved:258,744 km
unpaved:179,015 km (2008)

Waterways

21,579 km (2011)
country comparison to the world: 5

Merchant marine

total: 1,244
country comparison to the world: 8 by type:bulk carrier 95, cargo 601, chemical tanker 57, container 112, liquefied gas 17, passenger 47, passenger/cargo 76, petroleum tanker 214, refrigerated cargo 4, roll on/roll off 12, specialized tanker 1, vehicle carrier 8
foreign-owned:61 (China 1, France 1, Greece 1, Japan 7, Malaysia 1, Norway 4, Singapore 42, South Korea 1, Taiwan 1, US 2)
registered in other countries:87 (Bahamas 2, Cambodia 2, Hong Kong 8, Liberia 4, Mongolia 2, Panama 14, Singapore 53, unknown 2) (2010)

Ports and terminals

Banjarmasin, Belawan, Kotabaru, Krueg Geukueh, Palembang, Panjang, Sungai Pakning, Tanjung Perak, Tanjung Priok

Transportation – note

the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial and offshore waters in the Strait of Malacca and South China Sea as high risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships

2010 saw the highest levels of armed robbery against ships since 2007

40 commercial vessels were attacked, boarded, or hijacked both at anchor or while underway

hijacked vessels are often disguised and cargo diverted to ports in East Asia

crews have been murdered or cast adrift

Military

Military branches

Indonesian Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI): Army (TNI-Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD)), Navy (TNI-Angkatan Laut (TNI-AL)

includes marines (Korps Marinir, KorMar), naval air arm), Air Force (TNI-Angkatan Udara (TNI-AU)), National Air Defense Command (Kommando Pertahanan Udara Nasional (Kohanudnas)) (2011)

Military service age and obligation

18 years of age for selective compulsory and voluntary military service

2-year conscript service obligation, with reserve obligation to age 45 (officers)

Indonesian citizens only (2008)

Manpower available for military service

males age 16-49: 65,847,171
females age 16-49:63,228,017 (2010 est.)

Manpower fit for military service

males age 16-49: 54,264,299
females age 16-49:53,274,361 (2010 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

male: 2,263,892
female:2,191,267 (2010 est.)

Military expenditures

3% of GDP (2005 est.)
country comparison to the world: 42

Transnational Issues

Disputes – international

Indonesia has a stated foreign policy objective of establishing stable fixed land and maritime boundaries with all of its neighbors

some sections of border along Timor-Leste’s Oecussi exclave and maritime boundaries with Timor-Leste remain unresolved

many refugees from Timor-Leste who left in 2003 still reside in Indonesia and refuse repatriation

a 1997 treaty between Indonesia and Australia settled some parts of their maritime boundary but outstanding issues remain

ICJ’s award of Sipadan and Ligitan islands to Malaysia in 2002 left the sovereignty of Unarang rock and the maritime boundary in the Ambalat oil block in the Celebes Sea in dispute

the ICJ decision has prompted Indonesia to assert claims to and to establish a presence on its smaller outer islands

Indonesia and Singapore continue to work on finalization of their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Indonesia’s Batam Island

Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegal migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea

maritime delimitation talks continue with Palau

Indonesian groups challenge Australia’s claim to Ashmore Reef

Australia has closed parts of the Ashmore and Cartier Reserve to Indonesian traditional fishing and placed restrictions on certain catches

Refugees and internally displaced persons

IDPs: 200,000-350,000 (government offensives against rebels in Aceh

most IDPs in Aceh, Central Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi Provinces, and Maluku) (2007)

Illicit drugs

illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use

producer of methamphetamine and ecstasy