Peru

Peru

Introduction

Background

Ancient Peru was the seat of several prominent Andean civilizations, most notably that of the Incas whose empire was captured by the Spanish conquistadors in 1533. Peruvian independence was declared in 1821, and remaining Spanish forces were defeated in 1824. After a dozen years of military rule, Peru returned to democratic leadership in 1980, but experienced economic problems and the growth of a violent insurgency. President Alberto FUJIMORI’s election in 1990 ushered in a decade that saw a dramatic turnaround in the economy and significant progress in curtailing guerrilla activity. Nevertheless, the president’s increasing reliance on authoritarian measures and an economic slump in the late 1990s generated mounting dissatisfaction with his regime, which led to his ouster in 2000. A caretaker government oversaw new elections in the spring of 2001, which ushered in Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique as the new head of government – Peru’s first democratically elected president of Native American ethnicity. The presidential election of 2006 saw the return of Alan GARCIA Perez who, after a disappointing presidential term from 1985 to 1990, has overseen a robust macroeconomic performance.

Geography

Location

Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Chile and Ecuador

Geographic coordinates

10 00 S, 76 00 W

Map references

South America

Area

total: 1,285,216 sq km
country comparison to the world: 20 land:1,279,996 sq km
water:5,220 sq km

Area – comparative

slightly smaller than Alaska

Land boundaries

total: 7,461 km
border countries:Bolivia 1,075 km, Brazil 2,995 km, Chile 171 km, Colombia 1,800 km, Ecuador 1,420 km

Coastline

2,414 km

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 200 nm
continental shelf:200 nm

Climate

varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west

temperate to frigid in Andes

Terrain

western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)

Elevation extremes

lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point:Nevado Huascaran 6,768 m

Natural resources

copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash, hydropower, natural gas

Land use

arable land: 2.88%
permanent crops:0.47%
other:96.65% (2005)

Irrigated land

11,950 sq km (2008)

Total renewable water resources

1,913 cu km (2000)

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

total: 20.13cu km/yr (8%/10%/82%)
per capita:720cu m/yr (2000)

Natural hazards

earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild volcanic activity
volcanism:Peru experiences volcanic activity in the Andes Mountains

Ubinas (elev. 5,672 m), which last erupted in 2009, is the country’s most active volcano

other historically active volcanoes include El Misti, Huaynaputina, Sabancaya, and Yucamane

Environment – current issues

deforestation (some the result of illegal logging)

overgrazing of the slopes of the costa and sierra leading to soil erosion

desertification

air pollution in Lima

pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes

Environment – international agreements

party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified:none of the selected agreements

Geography – note

shares control of Lago Titicaca, world’s highest navigable lake, with Bolivia

a remote slope of Nevado Mismi, a 5,316 m peak, is the ultimate source of the Amazon River

People and Society

Nationality

noun: Peruvian(s)
adjective:Peruvian

Ethnic groups

Amerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 37%, white 15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%

Languages

Spanish (official) 84.1%, Quechua (official) 13%, Aymara 1.7%, Ashaninka 0.3%, other native languages (includes a large number of minor Amazonian languages) 0.7%, other 0.2% (2007 Census)

Religions

Roman Catholic 81.3%, Evangelical 12.5%, other 3.3%, unspecified or none 2.9% (2007 Census)

Population

29,248,943 (July 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 42

Age structure

0-14 years: 28.5% (male 4,245,023/female 4,101,220)
15-64 years:65.1% (male 9,316,128/female 9,722,258)
65 years and over:6.4% (male 885,703/female 978,611) (2011 est.)

Median age

total: 26.2 years
male:25.5 years
female:26.8 years (2011 est.)

Population growth rate

1.029% (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 114

Birth rate

19.41 births/1,000 population (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 95

Death rate

5.93 deaths/1,000 population (July 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 165

Net migration rate

-3.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 176

Urbanization

urban population: 77% of total population (2010)
rate of urbanization:1.6% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Major cities – population

LIMA (capital) 8.769 million

Arequipa 778,000 (2009)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.046 male(s)/female
under 15 years:1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years:1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over:0.89 male(s)/female
total population:1.01 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

Maternal mortality rate

98 deaths/100,000 live births (2008)
country comparison to the world: 72

Infant mortality rate

total: 22.18 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 90 male:24.49 deaths/1,000 live births
female:19.77 deaths/1,000 live births (2011 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 72.47 years
country comparison to the world: 127 male:70.55 years
female:74.48 years (2011 est.)

Total fertility rate

2.32 children born/woman (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 96

Health expenditures

4.6% of GDP (2009)
country comparison to the world: 147

Physicians density

0.92 physicians/1,000 population (2009)
country comparison to the world: 106

Hospital bed density

1.5 beds/1,000 population (2009)
country comparison to the world: 122

Drinking water source

improved:
urban: 90% of population
rural: 61% of population
total: 82% of population
unimproved:
urban: 10% of population
rural: 39% of population
total: 18% of population (2008)

Sanitation facility access

improved:
urban: 81% of population
rural: 36% of population
total: 68% of population
unimproved:
urban: 19% of population
rural: 64% of population
total: 32% of population (2008)

HIV/AIDS – adult prevalence rate

0.4% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 76

HIV/AIDS – people living with HIV/AIDS

75,000 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 48

HIV/AIDS – deaths

5,000 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 38

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases:bacterial, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease:dengue fever, malaria, and yellow fever
water contact disease:leptospirosis (2009)

Obesity – adult prevalence rate

16.3% (2000)
country comparison to the world: 29

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

5.4% (2005)
country comparison to the world: 81

Education expenditures

2.7% of GDP (2008)
country comparison to the world: 143

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population:92.9%
male:96.4%
female:89.4% (2007 Census)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 14 years
male:13 years
female:13 years (2006)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

total: 14%
country comparison to the world: 82 male:12.5%
female:15.6% (2008)

Government

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of Peru
conventional short form:Peru
local long form:Republica del Peru
local short form:Peru

Government type

constitutional republic

Capital

name: Lima
geographic coordinates:12 03 S, 77 03 W
time difference:UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Administrative divisions

25 regions (regiones, singular – region) and 1 province* (provincia)

Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Lima*, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali

Independence

28 July 1821 (from Spain)

National holiday

Independence Day, 28 July (1821)

Constitution

29 December 1993

Legal system

civil law system

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations

accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Suffrage

18 years of age

universal and compulsory until the age of 70

Executive branch

chief of state: President Ollanta HUMALA Tasso (since 28 July 2011)

First Vice President Marisol ESPINOZA Cruz (since 28 July 2011)

Second Vice President Omar CHEHADE (since 28 July 2011)

note – the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government:President Ollanta HUMALA Tasso (since 28 July 2011)

First Vice President Marisol ESPINOZA Cruz (since 28 July 2011)

Second Vice President Omar CHEHADE (since 28 July 2011)
note:Prime Minister Salomon LERNER Ghitis (since 28 July 2011) does not exercise executive power

this power rests with the president
cabinet:Council of Ministers appointed by the president
(For more information visit the World Leaders website ) elections:president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for nonconsecutive reelection)

presidential and congressional elections last held on 10 April 2011 with runoff election held on 6 June 2011 (next to be held in April 2016)
election results:Ollanta HUMALA Tasso elected president in runoff election

percent of vote – Ollanta HUMALA Tasso 51.5%, Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi 48.5%

Legislative branch

unicameral Congress of the Republic of Peru or Congreso de la Republica del Peru (130 seats

members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections:last held on 10 April 2011 (next to be held in April 2016)
election results:percent of vote by party – Gana Peru 25.3%, Fuerza 2011 23%, PP 14.8%, Alliance for Great Change 14.4%, National Solidarity 10.2%, Peruvian Aprista Party 6.4%, other 5.9%

seats by party – Gana Peru 47, Fuerza 2011 37, PP 21, Alliance for Great Change 12, National Solidarity 9, Peruvian Aprista Party 4

Judicial branch

Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (judges are appointed by the National Council of the Judiciary)

Political parties and leaders

Alliance for Great Change (Alianza por el Gran Cambio) (a coalition of the Alliance for Progress, Humanist Party, National Restoration Party, and Popular Christian Party) [Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI]

Fuerza 2011 [Keiko FUJIMORI]

Gana Peru (a coalition of Lima Para Todos, Peruvian Communist Party, Peruvian Nationalist Party, and Peruvian Socialist Party) [Ollanta HUMALA Tasso]

National Solidarity (Solidaridad Nacional) or SN (a coalition of Cambio 90, Siempre Unidos, Todos por el Peru, and Union for Peru or UPP) [Luis CASTANEDA Lossio]

Peru Posible or PP (a coalition of Accion Popular and Somos Peru) [Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique]

Peruvian Aprista Party (Partido Aprista Peruano) or PAP [Alan GARCIA Perez] (also referred to by its original name Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana or APRA)

Political pressure groups and leaders

General Workers Confederation of Peru (Confederacion General de Trabajadores del Peru) or CGTP [Mario HUAMAN]

Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso) or SL [Abimael GUZMAN Reynoso (imprisoned), Victor QUISPE Palomino (top leader at-large)] (leftist guerrilla group)

International organization participation

APEC, BIS, CAN, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Harold Winston FORSYTH Mejia
chancery:1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone:[1] (202) 833-9860 through 9869
FAX:[1] (202) 659-8124
consulate(s) general:Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Hartford, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New Jersey), San Francisco

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Rose M. LIKINS
embassy:Avenida La Encalada, Cuadra 17 s/n, Surco, Lima 33
mailing address:P. O. Box 1995, Lima 1

American Embassy (Lima), APO AA 34031-5000
telephone:[51] (1) 618-2000
FAX:[51] (1) 618-2397

Flag description

three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the coat of arms centered in the white band

the coat of arms features a shield bearing a vicuna (representing fauna), a cinchona tree (the source of quinine, signifying flora), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out coins (denoting mineral wealth)

red recalls blood shed for independence, white symbolizes peace

National symbol(s)

vicuna (a camelid related to the llama)

National anthem

name: “Himno Nacional del Peru” (National Anthem of Peru)
lyrics/music:Jose DE LA TORRE Ugarte/Jose Bernardo ALZEDO
note:adopted 1822

the song won a national contest for an anthem

Economy

Economy – overview

Peru’s economy reflects its varied geography – an arid coastal region, the Andes further inland, and tropical lands bordering Colombia and Brazil. Abundant mineral resources are found in the mountainous areas, and Peru’s coastal waters provide excellent fishing grounds. The Peruvian economy grew by almost 6% per year during the period 2002-06, with a stable exchange rate and low inflation. Growth jumped to nearly 9% per year in 2007 and 10% in 2008, driven by private investment and government spending, but then fell to less than 1% in 2009 in the face of the world recession, a sharp fall of private investment, and a substantial increase in counter-cyclical government spending. Growth resumed in 2010 at above 8%, due partly to a leap in private investment and continued high government spending. Peru’s rapid expansion coupled with the government’s conditional cash transfers and other programs have helped to reduce the national poverty rate by over 19 percentage points since 2002, though underemployment remains high. Inflation in 2010 was within the Central Bank’s 1%-3% target range. Despite Peru’s strong macroeconomic performance, dependence on minerals and metals exports and imported foodstuffs subjects the economy to fluctuations in world prices. Poor infrastructure hinders the spread of growth to Peru’s non-coastal areas. A growing number of Peruvians are sharing in the benefits of growth but despite President GARCIA’s pursuit of sound trade and macroeconomic policies, inequality persists. Nevertheless, he remains committed to Peru’s free-trade path. Since 2006, Peru has signed trade deals with the United States, Canada, Singapore, China, Korea, and Japan, concluded negotiations with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and Chile, and begun trade talks with Central American countries and others. The US-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement (PTPA) entered into force 1 February 2009, opening the way to greater trade and investment between the two economies. Rising world prices of foodstuffs and fuel, coupled with strong domestic demand, are immediate concerns for 2011. Peru has continued to attract foreign investment. However, political disputes may impede development of some projects related to natural resource extraction.

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$275.7 billion (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 43 $253.4 billion (2009 est.)
$251.3 billion (2008 est.)
note:data are in 2010 US dollars

GDP (official exchange rate)

$152.8 billion (2010 est.)

GDP – real growth rate

8.8% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 11 0.9% (2009 est.)
9.8% (2008 est.)

GDP – per capita (PPP)

$9,200 (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 114 $8,600 (2009 est.)
$8,600 (2008 est.)
note:data are in 2010 US dollars

GDP – composition by sector

agriculture: 10%
industry:35%
services:55% (2010 est.)

Labor force

10.58 million (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 48

Labor force – by occupation

agriculture: 0.7%
industry:23.8%
services:75.5% (2005)

Unemployment rate

6.6% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 61 8.9% (2009 est.)
note:data are for metropolitan Lima

widespread underemployment

Population below poverty line

34.8% (2009)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 1.4%
highest 10%:35.9% (2009)

Distribution of family income – Gini index

48 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 27 46.2 (1996)

Investment (gross fixed)

25.1% of GDP (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 60

Budget

revenues: $44.53 billion
expenditures:$45.46 billion (2010 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

29.1% of GDP (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 95

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-0.6% of GDP (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 53

Public debt

23.9% of GDP (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 102 27.3% of GDP (2009 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

1.5% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 44 2.9% (2009 est.)
note:data are for metropolitan Lima

Central bank discount rate

3.8% (31 December 2010)
country comparison to the world: 107 2.05% (31 December 2009 est.)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

18.975% (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 17 21.033% (31 December 2009 est.)
note:domestic currency lending rate

Stock of narrow money

$21.69 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 63 $17.48 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of broad money

$56.76 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 64 $45.41 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$44.2 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 67 $36.97 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$160.9 billion (31 December 2010)
country comparison to the world: 38 $107.3 billion (31 December 2009)
$57.2 billion (31 December 2008)

Agriculture – products

asparagus, coffee, cocoa, cotton, sugarcane, rice, potatoes, corn, plantains, grapes, oranges, pineapples, guavas, bananas, apples, lemons, pears, coca, tomatoes, mango, barley, medicinal plants, palm oil, marigold, onion, wheat, dry beans

poultry, beef, dairy products

fish

guinea pigs

Industries

mining and refining of minerals

steel, metal fabrication

petroleum extraction and refining, natural gas and natural gas liquefaction

fishing and fish processing, cement, textiles, clothing, food processing

Industrial production growth rate

13.6% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 13

Electricity – production

35.79 billion kWh (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 60

Electricity – consumption

31.74 billion kWh (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 58

Electricity – exports

111.9 million kWh (2010 est.)

Electricity – imports

0 kWh (2010 est.)

Oil – production

158,300 bbl/day (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 44

Oil – consumption

189,000 bbl/day (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 59

Oil – exports

73,280 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 72

Oil – imports

88,080 bbl/day (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 68

Oil – proved reserves

532.7 million bbl (1 January 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 49

Natural gas – production

7.24 billion cu m (2010)
country comparison to the world: 46

Natural gas – consumption

3.65 billion cu m (2010)
country comparison to the world: 66

Natural gas – exports

3.59 billion cu m
country comparison to the world: 30 note:in 2010 Peru became a net exporter of LNG (2010 est.)

Natural gas – imports

0 cu m (2010)
country comparison to the world: 169

Natural gas – proved reserves

345.5 billion cu m (1 January 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 36

Current account balance

-$2.315 billion (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 162 $210.6 million (2009 est.)

Exports

$35.56 billion (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 61 $26.96 billion (2009 est.)

Exports – commodities

copper, gold, zinc, tin, iron ore, molybdenum

crude petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas

coffee, potatoes, asparagus and other vegetables, fruit, apparel and textiles, fishmeal

Exports – partners

China 18.4%, US 16.1%, Canada 11.7%, Japan 6.6%, Germany 4.5%, Spain 4% (2010)

Imports

$28.82 billion (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 62 $21.01 billion (2009 est.)

Imports – commodities

petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, plastics, machinery, vehicles, color TV sets, power shovels, front-end loaders, telephones and telecommunication equipment, iron and steel, wheat, corn, soybean products, paper, cotton, vaccines and medicines

Imports – partners

US 24.7%, China 13%, Brazil 7.4%, Ecuador 4.7%, Chile 4.3%, Colombia 4.2% (2010)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$44.21 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 38 $33.23 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Debt – external

$42.27 billion (30 June 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 61 $34.25 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
note:public debt component of total: $20.6 billion (31 December 2009)

Stock of direct foreign investment – at home

$44.24 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 55 $36.91 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment – abroad

$2.095 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 67 $1.88 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Exchange rates

nuevo sol (PEN) per US dollar -
2.8178 (2010)
3.0115 (2009)
2.91 (2008)
3.1731 (2007)
3.2742 (2006)

Transportation

Airports

211 (2010)
country comparison to the world:29

Airports – with paved runways

total: 58
over 3,047 m:6
2,438 to 3,047 m:20
1,524 to 2,437 m:15
914 to 1,523 m:13
under 914 m:4 (2010)

Airports – with unpaved runways

total: 153
2,438 to 3,047 m:2
1,524 to 2,437 m:24
914 to 1,523 m:40
under 914 m:87 (2010)

Heliports

1 (2010)

Pipelines

extra heavy crude 533 km

gas 1,526 km

liquid petroleum gas 679 km

oil 1,033 km

refined products 15 km (2010)

Railways

total: 2,020 km
country comparison to the world: 73 standard gauge:1,886 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge:134 km 0.914-m gauge (2010)

Roadways

total: 102,887 km
country comparison to the world: 41 note:includes 23,838 km of national roads, 19,049 km of departmental roads, and 60,000 km of local roads (2007)

Waterways

8,808 km (there are 8,600 km of navigable tributaries on the Amazon system and 208 km on Lago Titicaca) (2010)
country comparison to the world: 14

Merchant marine

total: 13
country comparison to the world: 106 by type:cargo 2, chemical tanker 2, liquefied gas 2, petroleum tanker 7
foreign-owned:1 (Bahamas 1)
registered in other countries:13 (Belize 1, Panama 12) (2010)

Ports and terminals

Callao, Iquitos, Matarani, Paita, Pucallpa, Yurimaguas

note – Iquitos, Pucallpa, and Yurimaguas are on the upper reaches of the Amazon and its tributaries
oil terminals:Conchan oil terminal, La Pampilla oil terminal

Military

Military branches

Army (Ejercito Peruano), Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru, MGP (includes naval air, naval infantry, and Coast Guard)), Air Force of Peru (Fuerza Aerea del Peru, FAP) (2011)

Military service age and obligation

18-30 years of age for voluntary male and female military service

no conscription (2008)

Manpower available for military service

males age 16-49: 7,385,588
females age 16-49:7,727,623 (2010 est.)

Manpower fit for military service

males age 16-49: 5,788,629
females age 16-49:6,565,097 (2010 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

male: 304,094
female:298,447 (2010 est.)

Military expenditures

1.5% of GDP (2006)
country comparison to the world: 99

Transnational Issues

Disputes – international

Chile and Ecuador rejected Peru’s November 2005 unilateral legislation to shift the axis of their joint treaty-defined maritime boundaries along the parallels of latitude to equidistance lines which favor Peru

organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia have penetrated Peru’s shared border

Peru rejects Bolivia’s claim to restore maritime access through a sovereign corridor through Chile along the Peruvian border

Refugees and internally displaced persons

IDPs: 60,000-150,000 (civil war from 1980-2000

most IDPs are indigenous peasants in Andean and Amazonian regions) (2007)

Illicit drugs

until 1996 the world’s largest coca leaf producer, Peru is now the world’s second largest producer of coca leaf, though it lags far behind Colombia

cultivation of coca in Peru was estimated at 40,000 hectares in 2009, a slight decrease over 2008

second largest producer of cocaine, estimated at 225 metric tons of potential pure cocaine in 2009

finished cocaine is shipped out from Pacific ports to the international drug market

increasing amounts of base and finished cocaine, however, are being moved to Brazil, Chile, Argentina, and Bolivia for use in the Southern Cone or transshipment to Europe and Africa

increasing domestic drug consumption (2011)